Nelson Mandela Essay - 920 Words

As Nelson Mandela said, â€Å"Everyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success if they are dedicated to and passionate about what they do.† A champion of civil rights, a voice for the oppressed, and a strong anti-apartheid activist, Nelson Mandela is one of the most revered and recognizable names from recent years. He dedicated his entire life to serving others, both in his personal and political life. There were social, economic, and cultural influences on Nelson Mandela which affected his lifetime achievements. Nelson Mandela, originally named Rolihlahla Mandela, was born in the South African village of Mvezo on July 18, 1918. Some might wonder how Nelson stemmed from Rolihlahla: â€Å"a teacher dubbed him Nelson as part of a†¦show more content†¦He knew that peaceful protests weren’t going to achieve what they’d hope to accomplish. The government banned the ANC, and Nelson had evaded the government for seventeen months until he was captured and sentenced to life in prison. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, apartheid is â€Å"racial segregation; specifically: a former policy of segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in the Republic of South Africa.† Apartheid was first introduced in 1948 after the National Party controlled most of the government. This system of segregation prevented the majority, Africans, from having the same rights and privileges as the minority, whites. Once this system was put in place, Mandela concentrated all of his efforts on eradicating apartheid, hence the participation in the ANC and the creation of the Spear of the Nation branch. Although unthinkable and atrocious, the implementation of apartheid allowed Mandela’s name to be known. Without it, he wouldn’t be the hero he is today. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for twenty-seven years; it was during this time that he wrote his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom which extensively explained his efforts to overthrow apartheid and the minority-ruling government. Once he was released in 1990, he immediately began to bargain with the Nationalist Party to officially end apartheid and have a multiracialShow MoreRelated NELSON MANDELA Essays619 Words   |  3 Pages Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela is an African American leader who fought for the rights of his people. Through trials and tribulations he stood his ground and kept on fighting. Nelson was a born leader and utilized his talents at an early age. When he was younger he used to take care of his family and make sure everything went right through all the injustice that society bestowed onto his people. Throughout his life Nelson Mandela watched as his people were mistreated and with this in mind he decidedRead MoreEssay on Nelson Mandela777 Words   |  4 PagesNelson Mandela A transformationals Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla, South Africas first black president. Mandela was widely revered by blacks throughout Africa as a symbol of black liberation. He gained almost legendary status through the 1980s as South Africas leading antiapartheid figure, assuming the forefront of the black struggle after his release from prison. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born July 18, 1918 near Umtata in Transkei, in the Eastern Cape, into the royal family of the TembuRead MoreNelson Mandela Essays957 Words   |  4 PagesNelson Mandela According to ANC.org, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in a small village near the city of Umtata in the province of Transkei on July 18, 1918. With his father being the principal councilor to the Acting Paramount Chief of Thembuland he was groomed from evenRead MoreEssay on Nelson Mandela511 Words   |  3 PagesNelson Mandela was the first black president for South Africa. By the time Nelson Mandela was in college, he was a tall, good-humored young man. His laugh came easily, and he was highly intelligent. He was also an excellent athlete. During his second year of college, he participated in a student strike to protest the poor conditions at school. When he refused to apologize to the school authorities, he was expelled. This was Nelson’s first real experience of standing up against authority. Read MoreNelson Mandela Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesNelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time. His lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in his country won him the admiration of millions worldwide, as well as the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his nation. As the leader of South Africas anti-apartheid movement, Mandela was a key player in helping to move his country toward multiracial government and majority rule. Rolihlahla Mandela was born deep in the black homeland of TranskeiRead More Nelson Mandela Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pages Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African resistance leader who received a life sentence on Robben Island for opposing apartheid. Nelson Mandela personified struggle throughout his life. He is still leading the fight against apartheid after spending nearly three decades of his life behind bars. He has sacrificed his private life and his youth for his people, and remains South Africas best known and loved hero. Nelson Mandela was born in a village near Umtata in the Transkei on July 18, 1918Read MoreNelson Mandela Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesNelson Rolihlahla Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African lawyer, politician, freedom fighter, president and peace ambassador. He was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa. His father was a tribal leader, Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe who had 4 wives and Mandela was third wifes’son. Late his father died of Tuberclousis and that led to the next regent of the tribe to be his guardian. When he was growing he was attended Wesleyan mission schoolRead MoreEssay On Nelson Mandela1243 Words   |  5 Pages1. Summarize biographical data The Honourable Nelson Mandela transitioned from being a criminal to a white racist government to becoming the president to that same government and being a great influence on the lives of South African. He was a man of great patience and generosity therefore, he was capable of ending the Apartheid period. Born on July 18, 1918, into a small tribe of Thembu. He was a civil rights leader, who fought against apartheid, or racial discrimination against blacks, in SouthRead More Nelson Mandela Essay2142 Words   |  9 Pages lawyer, father, prisoner, survivor, president, the face of equality. Nelson Mandela has an inspiring story of fighting Apartheid forces and surviving a long prison sentence all in the name of freedom and equal rights. Through Nelson Mandela’s constant fight for freedom of the African people from white apartheid forces, he was dominated by the corrupt government. After uprising numerous riots against apartheid forces, Mandela was sent to jail for twenty-seven y ears revealing the cruelty that humansRead MoreBiography of Nelson Mandela Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesOn the night of his electoral victory, following the first democratic election in South Africa after years of racist oligarchy, Nelson Mandela began his victory address in a conventional style: â€Å"My fellow South Africans – the people of South Africa† (Guardian 3 May 1994 cited in Billig 1997:97). He went on to describe the new South Africa , â€Å"the type of South Africa we can build†. From his message it was clear that the country he spoke of had a unique, identifiable and addressable people: â€Å"The speech

Legal Aspects to U.S. Health Care System Administration

Legal Aspects of U. S. Health Care System Administration Lillie Cox Dr. A. M. Miller HSA 515 Health Care Policy, Law, and Ethics October 31, 2014 Legal Aspects of U. S. Health Care System Administration In the United States health care administration, there are lots of health laws, such as federal, state and local. The administrator will need to know these laws, because they will be interacting with top professionals at all levels. The health administrator is new to Well Care Hospital, and the hospital for the past six months has been under scrutiny for breach of medical compliance. It is important that the top administrator be concerned about the importance of his or her conduct within†¦show more content†¦In the administration of medical services in the United States law and regulation now control much of professional life. (p. 586) Well Care Hospital professional’s duty is to be committed to the care of all patients and make improvements within the life of the patient. According to the National Ethics Committee of the Veterans Health Administration (2003), â€Å"Professionals are required to make a fiduciary commitment to place their clients’ inter ests ahead of their own. Patients should be able to trust that their interests and welfare will be place above those of the health care profession† (p.2) Negligence happens when a â€Å"person’s actions fall below a certain level of care. Negligence can involve doing something carelessly or failing to do something that should have been done.† (Fremgen, 2009, p. 35). In order to prove negligence the plaintiff must present the following elements: 1) duty to care, 2) breach of duty to care, 3) injury and 4) causation (Pozgar, 2012, p. 33). Duty to care is the first element which deals with the care that the defendant (physician) owes the plaintiff (the patient). If there are an emergency, the physician is obligated to treat the patient, but they are not obligated to treat everyone. If theShow MoreRelatedLegal Aspects Of U.s. Health Care Systems Administration981 Words   |  4 PagesLegal Aspects of U.S. Health Care Systems Administration Professionalism in health care is of utmost importance, because it involves the delicate relationship between the caregiver, patient, and patient’s family. Patients often confront illness, social disruption, or any other life-changing event and are more often than not presented in a very vulnerable position. They expect healthcare professionals to handle their needs in an expert professional manner. â€Å"As a member of this profession, a physicianRead MoreLegal Aspects Of U.s. Health Care System Administration1930 Words   |  8 PagesLegal Aspects of U.S. Health Care System Administration Martha L. Johnson Strayer University Professor: Anna Marie Miller Abstract This paper explores the importance of professionalism, ethical standards, professional conduct, and the importance of each in the health care system. These roles can have a positive or negative effect, or become determining factors for patients or individuals when choosing a health care facility. As the top administration of Well Care Hospital, it is myRead MoreComparison and Contrasts of the United States and Canadian Health Care Systems1624 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States and Canadian Health Care Systems The National healthcare debate is one that has been a continuing arguing point for the last decade. The goal is to provide healthcare to all Americans, regardless of whether they are able to afford insurance or not. In 2009, the U.S. National Health Care Act failed to come to be debated in the house. This Act would have called for the creation of a universal single-payer health care system. Under the policies this ActRead MoreAids1204 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Legal Aspects of Health Care Administration by George D. Pozgar, the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a fatal disease that destroys the body’s ability to fight bacteria and viruses. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is considered to be the deadliest epidemic in human history with the first case being reported in 1981. It has been estimated that more than 21 million people have died from AIDS. (Pozgar, 2012, p. 353 364) AIDS is a collectionRead MoreHealth Care Of The United States1533 Words   |  7 PagesEvery country worldwide has it s own way of providing and making health care available for its citizens. More specifically, the developed nations all have their own system in how they make their health care available. Some are more expensive, some provide better quality of care, some are available to all citizens and some are available only to those who can afford it. For the first time in United States history, a health care act has passed, that will claim to insure everyone nationwide regardlessRead MoreSome Terms of Healthcare Information Systems951 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Care Information Systems Terms Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted August 21, 1996 by President Bill Clinton. This Act provides healthcare for workers when they leave one employer to join another in addition to regulating healthcare providers and the plans they provide to consumers and businesses. This Act was revolutionary at the time as it confronted the issue of pre-existing conditions. HIPAARead MoreThe Electronic Delivery Of Health Services1725 Words   |  7 PagesRelatively new to the language of healthcare, telehealth offers a variety of care services provided via telecommunication tools. The electronic delivery of health services allows healthcare professionals to have direct, utilitarian communication with patients. The telephone, videophone, and computer are some examples of telecommunication tools. There are many propelling forces behind the growing field of telehealth. This includes healthcare and nursing em ployee shortages, educated clients, chronicRead MoreSouth Sudan Criminal Justice System1380 Words   |  6 Pages South Sudan Criminal Justice System Andrew Langstaff Eagle ID: 900764842 Georgia Southern University Instructor: Dr. Laurie A. Gould CRJU 4531: Comparative World Justice System South Sudan, the world’s newest country is struggling to survive. Rampant inflation, civil war and food shortages plague South Sudan. Besides political party reform, inter-communal violence and tensions over oil-sharing revenues with Sudan, another challenge South Sudan is facing to achieve peace that thisRead MoreCharacteristics of Public Administration4146 Words   |  17 PagesPrinciples of Public Administration 1.0 Introduction. This article discusses how have principles of public administration been applied to positively advance each of the following fields: education, transportation, health care, community development, law enforcement, and environmental policy. Also, the article hypothesizes what would become of the aforementioned services in the absence of a public administration system. The means by which public administration achieves its goals and the responsibilitiesRead MoreCritical Reflection : The Euthanasia Debate1652 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Reflection: The Euthanasia Debate Medical advancements and improved living conditions worldwide have increased the life span of our population (U.S. Department of State, 2015). As a result, many individuals are now living with degenerative or chronic ailments that require increased support (Vissers et al., 2013). Unfortunately, these illnesses often come with a â€Å"diminished quality of life† (Butler, Tiedemann, Nicol, Valiquet, 2013). These issues have brought forth the euthanasia debate

A Report on Gender Pay Equity

Question: Describe about the Report on Gender Pay Equity? Answer: Introduction: The report aims at discussing in details about the factors that contribute to the pay gap in Australia and the reason why the gap is more significant in some industry sector while not that significant in others. The issue of gender pay gap has been a crucial one in Australia and several research studies have been undertaken to get an idea in depth about the major causes of such issue. Analysis of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) earnings data confirms that a persistent gender wage gap exists in Australia where males receive higher wages than females undertaking equivalent work. Amidst 1990 and 2009, the gender pay gap remained in a narrow range of between 15% and 17% (Charlesworth and Macdonald, 2014). In the recent years the percentage difference has further increased from 15% to 18% in August 2014. In Australia the figure for gender pay gap is around 17.5%. With only minimum changes the value almost remained the same since last twenty years. This is influenced by various interrelated factors of work, society, even the idea of work men and women are supposed to do or get engaged in. Over the past few decades, several changes have been noticed in the manner in which Australian women are said to participate within the society as well as the economy(Hart, 2002). In the present day, women are observed to be more participative in the paid employment; they are highly educated, and having few children. Gender Pay-Gap: Concept The concept of gender pay gap refers to the difference amidst the mean of all male as well as all female earnings when expressed as percentage of male earnings. The concept is predominant in the nation of Australia where it is calculated upon full-time weekly earnings before tax as well as excludes aspects like pay or overtime which is salary sacrificed. Since the concept of gender gap does not count for earnings of part-time workers, it provides a value that is comparable (Jones and Torrie, 2009). In Australia the figure for gender pay gap is around 17.5%. With only minimum changes the value almost remained the same since last twenty years. This is influenced by various interrelated factors of work, society, even the idea of work men and women are supposed to do or get engaged in. Over the past few decades, several changes have been noticed in the manner in which Australian women are said to participate within the society as well as the economy. In the present day, women are observe d to be more participative in the paid employment; they are highly educated, and having few children. The issue of gender discrimination occurs when an individual is unfavorably treated on account of his or her gender. It even arises indirectly from various choices as well as plans regarding education, family plans, jobs that are undertaken by men and women. Often, women are forced to seek the low pay part time jobs with less or no flexibility or career advancement due to caring responsibilities (McDonald and Thornton, 2014). Very few opportunities exist for training as well as career development in casual employment. The most effective way to address the issue and resolve it is by proper analysis. Grouping of comparable jobs as per the extent of the pay gap ensures a deep analysis of the gender pay gap as well as enable the firm to have a clear understanding of the presence of such gaps in specific areas. Factors causing Gender Pay Gap in Australia: The actual causes of this issue of gender pay gap are quite complex as well as interrelated. It has been identified from the Australian studies that some of the key factors that played important role in this issue are: Acute discrimination Different balance of paid as well as unpaid work undertaken by men and women throughout their lifetime (Pillinger, 2005) Various industries where women are compared to that of men and even undervaluation of occupation where women are employed massively. Gender Discrimination The issue of gender discrimination occurs when an individual is unfavorably treated on account of his or her gender. It even arises indirectly from various choices as well as plans regarding education, family plans, jobs that are undertaken by men and women. These preferences impact opinions regarding which careers would be perfect for women, for instance, to get fitted in some caring responsibilities. It is a common phenomenon that employers make assumptions regarding the kind of jobs as well as career paths most appropriate for women and the assumptions often may impact their decisions related to job applicants as well as existing employees. These assumptions are the basis of discrimination majorly. The factors contribute towards gender pay gap since they impact upon women applying for jobs, what jobs are offered, and what extent these can be progressive. As per a study of NATSEM (Reese and Warner, 2011), it estimated that around 60% of the pay gap occurs on account of either discrimination directly or due to some other factors to do with being a woman. Another study in Australia reflected that around 70-90% of such gender pay gap could not be explained by personal or any workforce factors like related industry or employment experience. Rather it was suggested that the gap was predominant due to simply being female. Career Breaks Even to this day, women are said to take up most of the unpaid care work of the society. This affects their educational as well as occupational choices, with special perception of some work being more family-friendly than others(Singh and Peng, 2010). Adopting career breaks as well as part time working not only affects present income of women, but the prospects of long term earnings can never fully recover. This is often witnessed in case any woman takes maternity leave. Industrial Segregation While participation of women within the workforce is increasing steadily, they opt for working at various industries at par with men. This is referred to as industrial segregation. The employment industry is the key factor for determining the wage level as well as women concentration in specific industries increase this issue of gender pay gap even further(Singh and Peng, 2010). To illustrate this, two industries of retail and mining may be represented. Only around 14.5% workers within mining industry are women. On the other hand, retail sector comprises of 57% women workers. Occupational Segregation The concept of occupational segregation occurs women get represented excessively in one occupation and minimum at another occupation. More women are employed at occupations that include clerical as well as administrative workers, personal and community service workers, professional, and sales workers. As in one hand studies show that this concept adds to the gender pay gap, other reveals that women being paid quite less than men in the similar occupation is a factor in the gap. Under-valuation of Women Skills Women have dominated work like social welfare or care work, but with under-valuation. The roles required for care works are compassion or ability to care for others but these have never been rewarded or recognized just the way technical skills have been done (Smith, 2009). The concept of under-valuation of female skills reflect the age-old history of the developing work of women, societal expectations of men as well as women, and even that of Australian system. As per a recent study of a case of social as well as community services equal pay, it shows the way of under-valuation of women skills impacts their pay. Sex segregated labor market The nation Australia has a sex segregated workforce. This refers to the clustering of women into different occupations or industries. The specific occupations are said to be male dominated and comprises of more value for men than for women. This under-valuation issue had been one the major causes for such a problem in the country. The skills or work associated with female labor are said to be natural or innate, and thus failed to receive adequate value in the labor market(Whitehouse, 2003). The work of women may be undervalued due to specific reasons like absence of exact classifying structure, faulty recognition of skills, absence of detailed assessment of work, and insufficient application of earlier equal pay measures. Unsupportive working arrangements There is a lack of permanent part-time jobs as well as flexible work arrangements which prevents the capability of combining quality employment as well family responsibilities. It means that all women having a family or children or carrying responsibilities are less participative in the paid workforce. This is the cause of reducing the earning potential of women in short as well as long term, even the ability to accrue retirement savings. Often, women are forced to seek the low pay part time jobs with less or no flexibility or career advancement due to caring responsibilities. Very few opportunities exist for training as well as career development in casual employment. The adoption of flexible work arrangements by firms to support increased work life balance by the women of the nation would allow increased work participation of female employees. This would provide them with enhanced opportunities to develop in the society. Traditions and Stereotypes Segregation is often linked with traditions as well as stereotypes. In some cases, this shows personals preferences, traditions may impact, for instance, the various choices made by women of girls. Although graduating women are 60%, they are in minority in fields like computing, mathematics, and engineering. There are very few women in technical or scientific jobs. This often results in females working in low valued or lowly paid sectors of the economy. Due to the traditions as well as stereotypes, women often reduce their work hours or pursue elderly or child care. The issue of gender pay gap has been most common one in the country of Australia. Another interesting fact is that this issue of gender pay gap is most common in some of the industrial sectors while not prevalent in others. It is a common phenomenon that employers make assumptions regarding the kind of jobs as well as career paths most appropriate for women and the assumptions often may impact their decisions related to job applicants as well as existing employees(Whitehouse, 2003). These assumptions are the basis of discrimination majorly. It has been research observation that in some of the sectors like mining and other hazardous occupation, there is an acute existence of gender pay gap. This is because commonly women are not allowed to take up hazardous jobs in mining or such occupations. Those jobs are undertaken by men. Hence, pay gap is obvious. Again, in cases of caring work and responsibilities or any household jobs, women are usually preferred and recruited. This is because women are assumed to be good and effective at the care responsibilities. So, this shows that there is no gender pay gap in hospitality management, healthcare services, etc. There women are paid equally and even higher than men at times. On the other hand in the sector of mining, or heavy engineering, discrimination in wage distribution is a common phenomenon as in these sectors mostly men or male employees are preferred more than women (Reese and Warner, 2011). It is because women are not expected to work in adverse or hazardous conditions. The employment industry is the key factor for determining the wage level as well as women concentration in specific industries increase this issue of gender pay gap even further. To illustrate this, two industries of retail and mining may be represented. Only around 14.5% workers within mining industry are women. On the other hand, retail sector comprises of 57% women workers. The issue of gender pay gap not only cast cost upon individuals in terms of income, but also impact economic performance. Ever since 1980s, feminist economists have been engrossed in arguing for recognition of the gender issue to achieve macroeconomic objectives. It has been researched that gender gap in pays may prevent an economy from achieving macroeconomic objectives, and so deemed to be a cost to the economy. Necessary Steps to Close the Gap: The concept of gender pay gap is fatal and discriminating in itself. This is an adequate reason amidst female workers or even others to consider an organization to be partial or discriminating. This perception on an increased basis may lead to downfall of workforce demographic and certainly affects the organizational reputation negatively. Therefore, firms must implement some steps to counteract the issue of gender pay gap (Singh and Peng, 2010). These steps are as follows: Understanding the Issues Firms can access important useful information, tools, amd resources under the Learn section of the WGEA website. Conducting analysis of a gender pay gap The most effective way to address the issue and resolve it is by proper analysis. Grouping of comparable jobs as per the extent of the pay gap ensures a deep analysis of the gender pay gap as well as enable the firm to have a clear understanding of the presence of such gaps in specific areas. Improving accountability Once a firm has established a policy of equal pay, it needs to ensure proper implementation by means of management accountability. It may include monitor of policy, implementation by governing body as well as relating achievement of pay equity to KPIs of CEOs as well as managers (Jones and Torrie, 2009). Reviewing human resource policies as well as procedures Such policies as well as procedures must be reviewed for ensuring they may not prevent engagement of female workers. For instance, firms must ensure that fair recruitment as well as promotional practices needs to be incorporated, part-time jobs at higher levels must be facilitated and also gender bias in remuneration must be removed. Conclusion: From the above study about the concept of gender pay gap, the report provides a deep insight into the vital factors that result in such an issue. The actual causes of this issue of gender pay gap are quite complex as well as interrelated. The most effective way to address the issue and resolve it is by proper analysis. Grouping of comparable jobs as per the extent of the pay gap ensures a deep analysis of the gender pay gap as well as enable the firm to have a clear understanding of the presence of such gaps in specific areas. It may include monitor of policy, implementation by governing body as well as relating achievement of pay equity to KPIs of CEOs as well as managers. The issue of gender pay gap not only cast cost upon individuals in terms of income, but also impact economic performance. Ever since 1980s, feminist economists have been engrossed in arguing for recognition of the gender issue to achieve macroeconomic objectives. References Charlesworth, S. and Macdonald, F. (2014). Australia's gender pay equity legislation: how new, how different, what prospects?.Cambridge Journal of Economics. Hart, S. (2002). The Pay Equity Bargaining Process in Newfoundland: Understanding Cooperation and Conflict by Incorporating Gender and Class.Gender, Work and Organization, 9(4), pp.355-371. Jones, D. and Torrie, R. (2009). Entering the Twilight Zone: The Local Complexities of Pay and Employment Equity in New Zealand.Gender, Work Organization, 16(5), pp.559-578. Marshall, C. (2000). Policy Mechanisms for Gender Equity in Australia.Educational Policy, 14(3), pp.357-384. McDonald, J. and Thornton, R. (2014). COERCIVE COOPERATION? ONTARIO'S PAY EQUITY ACT OF 1988 AND THE GENDER PAY GAP.Contemp Econ Policy, p.n/a-n/a. Pillinger, J. (2005). Pay Equity Now!.International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7(4), pp.591-599. Reese, C. and Warner, B. (2011). Pay Equity in the States: An Analysis of the Gender-Pay Gap in the Public Sector.Review of Public Personnel Administration, 32(4), pp.312-331. Singh, P. and Peng, P. (2010). Canada's bold experiment with pay equity.Gender in Mgmt: Int J, 25(7), pp.570-585. Singh, P. and Peng, P. (2010). Canada's bold experiment with pay equity.Gender in Mgmt: Int J, 25(7), pp.570-585. Smith, M. (2009). Limits and Possibilities: Rights-based Discourses in Australian Gender Pay Equity Reform 1969Ââ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â‚¬Å"2007.Gender, Work Organization. Whitehouse, G. (2003). Gender and Pay Equity: Future Research Directions.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 41(1), pp.116-128.

Litreature Review on Banking free essay sample

It was emphasized that the use of computers changes the processing, storage, retrieval and communication of financial information and may affect the accounting and internal control systems employed by a bank. The potential for human errors in the development, maintenance and execution of computer Information Systems may be greater than in manual systems, due to level of details inherent in these activities. Through audit reviews, a thorough look and understanding of IS in bank can be seen. The audit of IS would provide us general understanding of IS in bank, managing authentication of users, access control, data security, data integrity, audit 14 2. Literature Study and Analysis logs, testing, accounting entries, data migration, network and RDBMS security, business continuity and disaster recovery plans, hacking, identification of transaction for substantative checking, use of reports generated by system and documentation. The paper titled â€Å"Application of IT in Banking† by K. S. Rajashekara (2004), talked about impact analysis of IT on banking. We will write a custom essay sample on Litreature Review on Banking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The problem of doing proper impact analysis is due to difficulty of measuring output accurately when the quality of service is changing as a result of such factors as convenience, speed, and lower risk. Through IT, banks anticipate reduction in operating costs through such efficiencies as the streamlining back office processing and elimination of error-prone manual input of data. Owing to IT, bank can offer new products and services. Banks are able to develop and implement sophisticated risk, information management system and techniques with more powerful data storage and analysis technologies. IT has positively affected the stakeholders of bank like management, employees, and customers. Vasant Godse (2005) in paper titled â€Å"Technology: An Impact Analysis† talked about role of Information Technology in banking. Banks faced the enormous task of re-orienting their technology infrastructure towards such interactive decision support and information gathering tools, much different from transaction processing and final accounting. The impact of technology could be on relationship with information technology providers, organizational aspects, banker-customer relationship, control and supervisory aspects, new concepts and processes, which help in further gaining competitive advantage. 15 2. Literature Study and Analysis A paper titled â€Å"Information Orientation: People, Technology and the bottom line† by Donald A. Marchand, William J. Kettinger, John D. Rollins (2000), stressed upon the effective usage of information for business performance. It was stressed that IT improved business performance only if combined with competent information management and the right behaviors and values. The research was applied on banks. Banks were evaluated on three broad scales i. e. IT Practices (including IT practices for Operational support, IT for Business-process support, IT for Innovation support, IT for Managerial support); Information Management Practices (Sensing information, Collecting information, Organizing information, Processing information, Maintaining information); Information behaviours and values (Information Integrity, formality, control, sharing, transparency, proactiveness). Companies that incorporated a people-centric, rather than merely techno-centric, view of information use and that are good at all three information capabilities would improve their business performance. A paper titled â€Å"Understanding the impact of IT-based coordination on the performance of Information-intensive firms: A Gestalt approach in Banking Industry† by Yannis A. Pollalis (2003), moved towards the development of such an explanatory and predictive model of IT-based performance by distinguishing coordination) three that types impact of the organizational performance systems of integration (or nformation-intensive organizations: Technological Integration (i. e. the integration of various IT components such as data, applications telecommunications, and systems); Functional integration ( i. e. , the coordination of responsibilities and roles 16 2. Literature Study and Analysis across a firm’s value-chain activities between corporate and IT planning activities); a nd Strategic integration (i. e. effective decision-making at all levels, increased productivity and better return on investment). The organizations with coordinated elements (i. e. strategy, structure, and technology) will be more successful than uncoordinated ones. Banks were chosen as the context for the empirical phase of the study because of their high information intensity and their focus on customer service and cost management. The research indicated the existence of successful and unsuccessful patterns of integration, that is, certain combinations of technological, functional, and strategic integration might lead to better or worse performance. Strategic and Technological integration were found to be most important elements of success, which indicated the importance of consistency between echnological and strategic infrastructure. The paper titled â€Å"Learnings from Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Implementation in a Bank† by M. P. Gupta and Sonal Shukla (2004) attempted to highlight the learnings from CRM implementation in the banking sector. CRM systems were particularly relevant to ret ail financial services companies, allowing much of the management of the customer relationship to be automated with the objective of maximizing the profitability of individual customer relationships while minimizing the cost of managing those relationships. The study was supported by a case study of CRM systems in a major Japanese Bank—Bank of Mitsubishi and also a field survey of scenario in Indian banking sector. The various issues examined included organizational information, the CRM strategy, strategic changes resulting from CRM 17 2. Literature Study and Analysis implementation, implementation priorities for the banks and the factors indicating the performance after CRM implementation. The study revealed that CRM was gradually picking up and was definitely considered as a viable proposition by banks in improving services to their customers. One of the major challenges experienced during implementing CRM was resistance to change. To get CRM to work, high commitment was required in those who were implementing it. The paper titled â€Å"Impact of Information Technology on the Indian Banking Sector† by Harmeen K. Soch and H. S. Sandhu (2003) emphasized that impact of IT on banking was so radical that it would be a key determinant of success or failure in the industry, a key determinant of whether banks as a recognizable grouping continue to exist, and a key determinant of the differentiation between competitors in financial services.